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read morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding#Calculation
The inbreeding is computed as a percentage of chances for two alleles to be identical by descent. This percentage is called "inbreeding coefficient". There are several methods to compute this percentage, the two main ways are the path method[10] and the tabular method.[11][unreliable source?]
Typical inbreeding coefficient percentages are as follows, assuming no previous inbreeding between any parents:
Father/daughter, mother/son or brother/sister → 25% (1⁄4)
Grandfather/granddaughter or grandmother/grandson → 12.5% (1⁄8)
Half-brother/half-sister → 12.5% (1⁄8)
Uncle/niece or aunt/nephew → 12.5% (1⁄8)
Great-grandfather/great-granddaughter or great-grandmother/great-grandson → 6.25% (1⁄16)
Half-uncle/niece or half-aunt/nephew → 6.25% (1⁄16)
First cousins → 6.25% (1⁄16)
------------
Considered as inbreeding ang first cousins. 6% na abnormal anak mo. malaking chance yun!
and that chance increases kapag inbreeding din ang parents mo.
Maliit pa rin ang risk. Kung gayon, dapat ding ipagbawal ikasal ang over 40s na babae which have more or less the same chances of bearing abnormal children.
http://www.cousincouples.com/?page=facts
Children of non-related couples have a 2-3% risk of birth defects, as opposed to first cousins having a 4-6% risk. Genetic counseling is available for those couples that may be at a special risk for birth defects (e.g. You have a defect that runs in your family) In plain terms first cousins have at a 94 percent + chance of having healthy children. Check the links section for more information on genetic counselors. The National Society of Genetic Counselors estimated the increased risk for first cousins is between 1.7 to 2.8 percent, or about the same a any woman over 40 years of age. Source: external link
Kaya nga sa maraming states sa USA at sa Canada hindi bawal ang ikasal sa 1st cousins.
From the same link:
No European country prohibits marriage between first cousins. It is also legal throughout Canada and Mexico to marry your cousin. The U.S. is the only western country with cousin marriage restrictions.
Canadian Marriage Act: (Federal)
http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/reg...0738_ev001.htm
Degrees of consanguinity which, under the Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act (Canada), bar the lawful solemnization of marriage.
A man may not marry his:
1. Grandmother
2. Mother
3. Daughter
4. Sister
5. Granddaughter
A woman may not marry her
1. Grandfather
2. Father
3. Son
4. Brother
5. Grandson
The relationships set forth in this table include all such relationships, whether by the whole or half blood or by order of adoption.
Cultural taboo lang yan. Kahit scriptural, bible o koran, walang basis ang prohibition ng cousin marriage.
Repeal laws banning cousins from marrying: geneticists
Last Updated: Monday, December 22, 2008 | 8:22 PM ET
CBC News
Laws banning first cousins from marrying are based on outdated assumptions about higher risks for offspring, population genetic experts say.
In a commentary appearing in Monday's issue of PloS Biology, zoology Prof. Hamish Spencer of the University of Otago in New Zealand and Diane Paul of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology argue the laws should be repealed.
In February 2008, British Environment Minister Phil Woolas sparked a row in the United Kingdom when he attributed the high rate of birth defects in the Pakistani community to the practice of marriage between first cousins, the commentators said.
Earlier studies estimated that between 55 per cent 59 per cent of marriages continue to be between first cousins in Pakistan.
Cousin marriage — and marriage between a niece or nephew and their uncle or aunt — is legal in Canada, according to the federal Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act of 1990.
On the other hand, in the United States, 31 state laws either bar the practice or allow it only when the couple has genetic counselling, is beyond reproductive age or if a partner is sterile. The authors of the paper ask whether the laws are grounded in scientific fact, such as the commonly cited three per cent additional risk of birth defects in those born to cousins.
"These laws reflect once-prevailing prejudices about immigrants and the rural poor and oversimplified views of heredity, and they are inconsistent with our acceptance of reproductive behaviors that are much riskier to offspring," the pair conclude in a journal forum where historians and philosophers reflect on topical issues in biology.
"They should be repealed, not because their intent was eugenic, but because neither the scientific nor social assumptions that informed them are any longer defensible."
The researchers give the example of a 2002 expert review on birth defects. The panel concluded the risk to those born to cousins is smaller than generally assumed at 1.7 to two per cent higher than the population-wide risk of birth defects, which is between two and three per cent. The review panel thought such a rate did not warrant any special testing before conception.
Risk portrayal
"Women over the age of 40 have a similar risk of having children with birth defects and no one is suggesting they should be prevented from reproducing," the article said.
"People with Huntington's Disease or other autosomal dominant disorders have a 50 per cent risk of transmitting the underlying genes to offspring and they are not barred either."
On the other hand, those who portray the risk as large tend to describe it in relative terms or to risks that are generally considered unacceptable, such as the rhetorical question: Would anyone knowingly take a medication that has double the risk of causing permanent brain damage?
The expert panel noted that it is difficult to calculate the increased frequency of birth defects in children of parents who are cousins since socio-economic factors such as a lack of good prenatal care for British Pakistanis in their native language or malnourished mothers are difficult to tease out from other environmental and genetic factors.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/...ins-marry.html
pregnancy over 40 is a modern phenomena. kayat di pa tayo nageevolve na ma-turn off sa ganito. at di pa rin nagka-catch up ang laws to prohibit it. but it is being discouraged. 3% is huge. imagine if 3 out of every 100 people eh abnormal. mahihirapan ang community.
and yes evolved tayo to avoid inbreeding. scientifically proven na two kids who grew up together (whether related or not) have far less chances of being attracted to each other. thats natures way of preventing abnormalities.
nah, i dont think laws could ever ban pregnancy over 40. forcing abortions is unthinkable!
but inbreeding, thats something we can do something about. it is easily preventable.
According to experts it is not that far off from the general population. And besides, not many people marry their cousins.
Sabi nga..
"They should be repealed, not because their intent was eugenic, but because neither the scientific nor social assumptions that informed them are any longer defensible."
May mga couples na may diseases na puwede ipasa sa mga anak but states do not ban them.
most countries allow cousin marriage. risks seems ok mga naman dahil bihira nakakasal sa pinsan.
eh paano kung natulad sa pakistan na usong uso cousin marriage. sangkatutak tuloy abnormal sa kanila.
personally i'm against 1st cousin marriage. 2nd pwede na yun.
sa age & disease wala tayong magagawa dun. normal na nagsesex ang magasawa eh. kapag buntis alangan namang puwersahin ang abortion.
pero iyung pinsang buo pwede pang pagbawalan yun from marrying in the first place, right?
pero kung nabuntis na di na rin pwedeng forced abortion. andyan na eh.
I'm not against it because many cousin couples do fall in love, and as the scientific data suggests the risk is not that great compared to healthy non-related couples. Yung single 40s puwede pang pagbawalan. Pagbawalan na rin natin ang may mga diseases na puwedeng ipasa sa mga anak. Pagbawalan na rin natin mag-asawa ang mga manginginom, mga mahilig humitit ng marijuana, smokers, etc.
Sabi nga tungkol sa Pakistanis...
The expert panel noted that it is difficult to calculate the increased frequency of birth defects in children of parents who are cousins since socio-economic factors such as a lack of good prenatal care for British Pakistanis in their native language or malnourished mothers are difficult to tease out from other environmental and genetic factors.
Anyway, we do need more studies on this issue.
paano ba pagbabawalan magsex ang over 40?
sa 1st cousins kung against the law ang marriage eh malaking deterrent iyung for them to fall in love.
thats a biased source.
facts speak on the contrary:
The problem is most serious in Bradford. A recent survey of 1,100 pregnant women in the city showed that 70 per cent have husbands who are first cousins — a higher percentage than the average of 50 per cent among Pakistanis across the whole of Britain.
Shocking: The practice of inter-marriage within Muslim communities is leading to some children being born with a raft of genetic diseases
It is no surprise therefore that more than six per cent of children in Bradford have health defects, with paediatric wards looking after countless children, including teenagers lying in nappies who are unable to speak and are fed through a tube.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/arti...#ixzz1vtlfA7EP
6% of a population? thats a serious problem!
Research into the city’s 9,000 disabled youngsters also revealed a ‘disproportionately high’ level of hearing and sight problems in Pakistani families.
But Bradford is not alone. In Birmingham, which also has a big Pakistani community, the city’s Primary Care Trust estimates that one in ten of all children born to first cousins either dies in infancy or goes on to have a serious disability because of a recessive gene disorder.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/arti...#ixzz1vtmAaMy2
However, on Muslim websites the issue is discussed more freely. An Asian health worker wrote recently: ‘I went to two special schools in my city. One was for children with physical disabilities; the other with kids who had learning difficulties.
‘The children at the second school were aged 13 to 19. None of them was capable of functioning beyond the behaviour expected of an infant. They all wore nappies.
‘They didn’t speak, a few grunts aside. All needed inordinate amounts of special care, from doctors, speech therapists and so on. The parents are drained emotionally.
‘Of the six 16-year-olds at the second school, five were Pakistani and one was a Tamil. All had blood-related ancestry. I rest my case: cousin marriages don’t work.’
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/arti...#ixzz1vtmfix9I
-------------
ITO malas talaga:
In Bradford, Dr Peter Corry says he knows of one family with six children all with the same genetic neurological disorder, which means none of them will survive to adulthood.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/arti...#ixzz1vtnLhuH1
all 6 of the couple's kids eh abnormal lahat. grabe.
and who pays for their treatment? the community!
OK, you win. It's because I had a hot cousin.![]()
tamo, pwedeng magkaroon ng natural feeling ang isang tao sa kanyang cousin, something na hindi mo mararamdaman sa daughter o sister o aunt o mother o lola mo. at gaya ng pinakita mo e hindi rin bawal sa maraming bansa ang 1st cousin marriage at hindi bawal yun sa bible, sa islam e hindi bawal pero pwede naman i-discourage yun, Islamic authorities should discourage the community from 1st cousin marriages kung talagang may malaking effect yun. nagkataon lang siguro na maraming mahirap and uneducated sa Pakistan, alam mo naman ang mga mahihirap na uneducated e hindi sila long term mag-isip kaya anak sila nang anak di nila alam na lalong maghihirap ang bansa pag dumadami ang tao.
Link: http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx...bCategoryId=65
Dad kills son for incest with sister
(The Philippine Star) Updated July 24, 2001 12:00 AM Comments (0)
A 21-year-old laborer was stabbed to death by his father for having sexual relations with his sister in Makati City yesterday afternoon.
Brian Bacarro, single, laborer, of barangay Barangka, Mandaluyong City, died instantly with 10 stab wounds.
His father Leo, 46, married, also a laborer and resident of 4050 Bernardino St., Laperal Compound, is now detained at the Makati police detention center after he surrendered to the police.
Police Officer 3 Juvenal Barbossa said the incident occurred at around 12:45 p.m. in the elder Bacarro’s house.
The suspect told police that before the incident, his son arrived at his house to fetch his daughter, Brian’s sister Juliet, 19, and bring her back to live with him in an incestuous arrangement in Mandaluyong.
According to Leo, his son and daughter’s incestuous affair was a known in their neighborhood and Juliet had admitted the relationship in a bitter confrontation last April.
Leo revealed that Brian and Juliet had lived together in the former’s house as man and wife until he fetched his daughter last week to stop the illegal relationship.
Leo said that he was angered when his son had the temerity to go to his house to get his sister back.
The police said Brian reportedly brandished a knife and tried to stab his father but the latter parried the thrust. In the ensuing grapple for the knife, Leo got hold of the knife and in a blind rage, repeatedly stabbed his son.
Police are now readying appropriate charges against the elder Bacarro. – Rainier Allan Ronda
nasaan na si saudi diyan?
AH! AH! AH! AH! AH!
![]()
Link: http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx...bCategoryId=63
Incest cases in Philippines increasing
By Helen Flores (The Philippine Star) Updated November 05, 2010 12:00 AM Comments (0)
MANILA, Philippines - The Child Protection Unit-Philippines yesterday expressed concern over the high incidence of incest cases in the country.
CPU legal consultant Katrina Legarda said 33 percent of the total child abuse incidents recorded in 2009 were incest.
Citing data from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), the agency said Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) topped the list of areas having the most number of reported incest in 2009 with 90 cases; followed by Region VII (Central Visayas) with 82; Region III, 60; Region II (Cagayan Valley) and National Capital Region with, 50; and Region I (Ilocos Region) with 49.
The CPU blamed the high incidence of incest in the country to the increasing number of women working overseas, as well as alcohol and drug abuse.
“This disturbing phenomenon of the girl-child being turned into substitute spouse has been happening in our country along with the feminization of labor migration,” Legarda said in a statement.
Legarda said women now comprised 70 percent of Filipino workers deployed abroad.
The problem, however, remains largely unreported because of its sensitive nature and fear of shame that comes with filing a formal complaint.
“There is also a need to push for national laws and policies to protect children from violence and abuse,” Legarda said.
She said compared to stranger abuse, incest has a different psychological and emotional impact on the victim because of the damaged relationship of trust between the victim and the parent.
“A child molested by a stranger can run home for help and comfort. A victim of incest cannot,” Legarda said.
Legarda said a long-term program should be set for education about the rights of children to address the lack of necessary support system for victims of incest.
CPU earlier said it will put up one national and six regional training and treatment centers in the next five years to provide assistance to at least 10,000 children abused every year.
The country has 25 child protection units in key areas in the country and 81 satellite offices nationwide.
“The centers and clinics will address the lack of necessary support system for victims while proactively safeguarding human rights of children,” the CPU said. CPU is a Manila-based organization composed of child protection practitioners committed to provide the highest clinical standards of care for abused children.
I'm not sure about you guys, but imho in the Filipino tight-knit family structure, marrying your cousin is taboo (pun intended)- well at least in my family! I look at my female cousins as I would at my sisters.
I guess it all boils down to upbringing and culture, despite the real dangers of in-breeding.