Ano ang title ng Thesis nyo?

[herakleon]

just wanna know,,, kasi title ng thesis ko, since im an Asian Studies major (UST), is "Gaza Strip: the Foundation for an Independent Palestinian Nation" ... eh, how about yours? post ur course and the topic/title of your thesis or disertation, and tell something about it... go!

[flsfnoeraekadad]

just wanna know,,, kasi title ng thesis ko, since im an Asian Studies major (UST), is "Gaza Strip: the Foundation for an Independent Palestinian Nation" ... eh, how about yours? post ur course and the topic/title of your thesis or disertation, and tell something about it... go!
Uh, pwede bang High School Thesis?
Eto sa amin:

A Comparative Study on the tendencies, similarities and differences of the disobedient behaviors of children ranging from 7-12 years old and teenagers ranging from 13-18 years old of [my HS sikret!]

[kalteck]

Parang taga Makati Hope Christian School (High School) in your other post.Maraming magaling sa Math diyan Chinese and English ang curriculum.
Im working on right now - How gravity travels like a sound wave or electrical waves? Any suggestions? :)

[Myst]

I finished it last year before I graduated college.


AB-Political Science


"The Abolition of Thesis"

[flsfnoeraekadad]

I finished it last year before I graduated college.


AB-Political Science


"The Abolition of Thesis"
Nako panalo yang Paper Title mo! :lol:

[jana_atenista]

Ateneo, the best school in all asia?

not sure si me kung papayagan me ng thesis adviser ko. but like ko po yung topic na yun. :)

[tophe_17]

I'm about to start with mine.
I'm studying at MIT under the program BSMS CECN.
My topic is Expediency of Polypropylene as Fiber Reinforcement for Philippine Bridges.

[tophe_17]

jana_atenista: I don't know if people here would take your statement, even your supposed thesis topic, seriously.

Ateneo, The Best In All Asia?

Even if you have all these researches at hand - qualitative, historical, content analysis, observation study - I don't know if you're gonna get a desirable conclusion. Oh well...

[tophe_17]

Anyone here doing some Quantitative and Experimental Researches?

[jana_atenista]

^^ why **** di nila i take it as serious... i mean devah... we need to show po na talagang proven na the best ang Ateneo in all asia...
yan ang hirap sa Pex eh... akala nila lahat joke joke...hmmppffftt..

tapos pag may troll pa, kami pa pinagbibintangan lage! its just so unfair!

If its from the Ateneo it must be good.

[tophe_17]

I am not against your school. Its just that prestige or honor of a school cannot be determined by mere thesis study, especially if it is qualified as a Qualitative one. Such kind of thesis is not actually an Academic one.

[jana_atenista]

^^ like hellow.... ATENEO is an Academic institution! so studying it being as The Best in All Asia is a ACADEMIC one.

youre from what school ba? ang slow mo. no offense meant.

ATENEO, The best school in all asia *trademark*
sana wag gayahin nung iba dyan!

[tophe_17]

Talking about being "slow"?
Pathetic!

[tophe_17]

Oh well, back to the topic, hope somebody who'd done an experimental and action research could share his work.

[flsfnoeraekadad]

jana_atenista: I don't know if people here would take your statement, even your supposed thesis topic, seriously.

Ateneo, The Best In All Asia?

Even if you have all these researches at hand - qualitative, historical, content analysis, observation study - I don't know if you're gonna get a desirable conclusion. Oh well...
How can you be the best in Asia when you even can't win any best thesis in YEC? :)

[student_01]

for being an "ab-political science major" , my thesis would be

"hello garci controversy and its effect on the people and the economy of our country"

im still / currently working on it.

sana okei ang kakalabasan

[tophe_17]

^ What type of research are you gonna apply?

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Search Research.

[Altwegg]

The Effect of Acetobacter sp. on Several Growth Parameters of Zea mays.

[baby_phat18]

mine is...

Anticholinergic Effects of Talampunay (Datura spp.) in Cardiovascular System of Bullfrog (Bufo marinus)

kailangan pa yata ng i-revise

[mikki_pretty]

ay shucks! after reading all your titles, naawa naman ako sa thesis ko.. 2 pa kme gumawa non.. mahirap din pero maski grade school student maiinitindihan yon e! hehe!

CLASSROOM BEHAVIORS OF STUDENTS UNDER DIFFERENT TEACHING STYLES.. it's a descriptive-comparative study.. sobrang haba kse puro explanations.. we have a standardized instrument and a self-made one.. waaah! the agony! hehe! pero ayos lang, we've passed it! yey! :lol:

results: wlang difference! however, there are still different manifestations of behaviors, but, once you've used the anova for statistical treatment, wlang difference!

[tophe_17]

just wanna know,,, kasi title ng thesis ko, since im an Asian Studies major (UST), is "Gaza Strip: the Foundation for an Independent Palestinian Nation" ... eh, how about yours? post ur course and the topic/title of your thesis or disertation, and tell something about it... go!

I like your topic. So how's your thesis goin'?

[kyupayb]

the effect of hearing exercises of Ludwig Van Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" on the emotionally illed: battered wives, mentally retarded people, & suicidals.

[herakleon]

I like your topic. So how's your thesis goin'?

our defense is scheduled on feb 3, 2006, so far, we can conclude that Gaza Strip is very viable to be a foundation for a 'would be' Palestinian State given the possiblity of a total withdrawal of Israeli military forces. However, due to decades of bombing and terrorism, Gaza Strip would definitely be needing huge amount of loan/money in order to rebuild its devastated economy. Terrorism and conflict between Israeli and Palestinian may be lessen if not totally diminished.

our assumption is that: "Palestinian should be granted not only the rights to their own land, but a FULL INDEPENDENCE from Israeli occupation. Gaza Strip has never been a part of Jewish territory ever since the clash between Israelis & Palestinians broke out"

[tophe_17]

Has Palestine gained the 5 elements needed for an existence of a state?

God bless on your defense! *okay*

[neoreo09]

Has Palestine gained the 5 elements needed for an existence of a state?

God bless on your defense! *okay*

what's the 5 elements again, @ tophe_17? /?

[diggory]

May pa elements elements ka pa dyan tophe, layas ka na nga dito!

Pareho kayo ni flsfnoeraekadad na pasaway!

Wag nang magmarunong.

Nasa UST lahat ng marunong, wala sa school nyo!

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Has Palestine gained the 5 elements needed for an existence of a state?

God bless on your defense! *okay*
Tophe, Neoreo diba 4 lang yun? Am I right?

Territory, sovereignty, people, and government tama ba?

What's the fifth?

[diggory]

^ bobo nyong dalawa!

bwahahahahahahahahahaha!


--------------------------
UST, The Best in all Asia!

[flsfnoeraekadad]

^ bobo nyong dalawa!

bwahahahahahahahahahaha!


--------------------------
UST, The Best in all Asia!
Wow ang talino nya! Viva UST!

[diggory]

Talaga!

The Royal UST.. Home of the Smart People of the Philippines!

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Oh my masusuka ako.

[neoreo09]

go STI-College!!

[tophe_17]

Elements of the State:

1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

It is true, according to H.S. De Leon, that there are only 4.
However, in the present time, a state is categorized as a true "state" when there is an INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION.

:)

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Elements of the State:

1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

It is true, according to H.S. De Leon, that there are only 4.
However, in the present time, a state is categorized as a true "state" when there is an INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION.

:)
I guess Danzinger needs to update his book :lol:

[reality_STRUCKS]

im from UST. AB Literature which is one of the best course my school offer.

My thesis title is "Sarah Geronimo: the Thomasian gal whose changing the Philippine entertainment industry"

i hope it gets gold! viva UST!

[BLUE_EAGLE_GAL]

^^ like hellow.... ATENEO is an Academic institution! so studying it being as The Best in All Asia is a ACADEMIC one.

youre from what school ba? ang slow mo. no offense meant.

ATENEO, The best school in all asia *trademark*
sana wag gayahin nung iba dyan!

hi :wave: jana.... whats your course??? im from Interdisciplinary Studies... grabe ang hirap ng course na to...but i think yung suggestion mo wont worked out.. kc **** proven na th best ang Ateneo not only in all asia, but in southwest africa and northern Latam ata. ;)

Go Ateneo! The best school in the east!

[tophe_17]

flsfnoeraekadad: Before conversations turn out-of-topic, the last element I mentioned is also a very important factor for its being state to exist. You see, international cooperation is a very part in a state's existence. Yes, they have the elements, but do you think without other country's support, would it survive?

[flsfnoeraekadad]

flsfnoeraekadad: Before conversations turn out-of-topic, the last element I mentioned is also a very important factor for its being state to exist. You see, international cooperation is a very part in a state's existence. Yes, they have the elements, but do you think without other country's support, would it survive?
Tophe, okay lang yan. We're not Troll Patrol for nothing.

On-topic:
Oo nga naman, kelangan yun. Kelangan kasama ka din ata sa UN.

[edoga75]

our defense is scheduled on feb 3, 2006, so far, we can conclude that Gaza Strip is very viable to be a foundation for a 'would be' Palestinian State given the possiblity of a total withdrawal of Israeli military forces. However, due to decades of bombing and terrorism, Gaza Strip would definitely be needing huge amount of loan/money in order to rebuild its devastated economy. Terrorism and conflict between Israeli and Palestinian may be lessen if not totally diminished.

our assumption is that: "Palestinian should be granted not only the rights to their own land, but a FULL INDEPENDENCE from Israeli occupation. Gaza Strip has never been a part of Jewish territory ever since the clash between Israelis & Palestinians broke out"

Hi, you're thesis topic is great. But did you guys considered going to Palestine, visit the place?

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Hi, you're thesis topic is great. But did you guys considered going to Palestine, visit the place?
Is that the place where West Bank and Gaza are located? Or am I talking of another case?

[tophe_17]

flsfnoeraekadad: No. Not all countries at present are members.

[flsfnoeraekadad]

flsfnoeraekadad: No. Not all countries at present are members.
Makes me wonder, is China part of the UN?

[tophe_17]

Of course!
China is, in fact, a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

[herakleon]

actually, the original topic of my thesis was entitled Asian Struggle against Terrorism in Indonesia which i really really hated most. First, i hate the theme of researching and discussing about terrorism; second, among all southeast asian nation, Indonesia seems to have always had problems in terms of politics & governance, economy, security,,,similar with that of the philippines, and lastly, we were not given the opportunity to choose a topic that is of interest to us. However, when our 2 classes were re-arranged and re-shuffled, it's good that the thesis topic we were doing was also altered... and so the topic with palestine came into existence.

The topic is very interesting and challenging, not to mention the fact that Palestine is once again on the center of media attention today. Palestinian has just held its national election, giving the HAMAS party the majority of the votes.

If i were given the chance/opportunity to visit this war-torn country, I can see my self grabbing that opportinity without thinking twice. I just want to broaden my knowledge and see before my eyes the reality of the present situation happening in that region.

[chick_00_kisses]

la pang title pero it deals with metrosexuals

[extranjero]

our assumption is that: "Palestinian should be granted not only the rights to their own land, but a FULL INDEPENDENCE from Israeli occupation. Gaza Strip has never been a part of Jewish territory ever since the clash between Israelis & Palestinians broke out"

as in the whole israel?! i really don't know and can't judge who to give that land. i mean with all the circumstances... whom should it be? isn't the israelis were the original owners of that place? but palestinians occupied the land longer... so who really has the right?

also the place is interesting. it is where islam, christianity and judaism (3 great religion of the world) meet... i would love to go there.... someday...

goodluck to your thesis

[paparagon]

gusto ko lang malaman (para sa mga engineering students sa pinas)- de-thesis ba kayo dyan o may design project pag-4th year (or 5th year para sa mga de-5 years). sakin kasi design lang pero 3 *** gagawin namin- isa individual, 2 group.

[tophe_17]

My thesis is an individual thesis.
It's categorized as an experimental, quantitative one.
Of course, you're gonna design it.
The process is kinda long. It'll take, at least, 3 terms (in Mapua) to finish it.

[tophe_17]

Has anybody here done an experimental research? Share naman dyan. :)

[mikki_pretty]

my classmates did an experimental study on AGGRESSION.

it's really very interesting..

they have 10 participants, all of which, fall under the category they called "very aggressive". (they have a self-made instrument).

then after that, they gave each participant a guinea pig that they would take care for a month.. then they would test their aggression level..

i guess it worked coz all the participants got good ratings.. hehe!

share ko lang!

[tophe_17]

Oh that's great! So what did they find out?

[mikki_pretty]

^^ it actually worked! parang pag sobrang hostile/violent ka na, it could be your therapy to lessen ur aggression level..

meron din samin ng art therapy, play therapy, bibliotherapy.. that's for street children, preschool students and raped victims, respectively.. hirap lang kwento!

[tophe_17]

oh ok. That's nice. :)

[tophe_17]

2 terms from now kasi I'll be starting with the experimental stage. Well, my topic kasi is the possible adaptation of Polypropylene as Fiber Reinforcement in bridges. To date, there is no Philippine bridge that is reinforced that way. They still use the typical but of course, reliable reinforcing steel as tension resisting aid for concrete. But abroad, they have already started constructing such bridges. There are at least 80 bridges worldwide reinfoced with polymers, not just Polypropylene. In the United States alone, there are like 27 categorized as such.
Just wanna know what are the problems some PEXer researchers have undergone. I heard kasi its really 'deadly'. Hehe..

[Haloperidol]

financial planner software for symbian and uiq based phones
me and my big mouth

at least di robot (mahal yon eh)

[mikki_pretty]

2 terms from now kasi I'll be starting with the experimental stage. Well, my topic kasi is the possible adaptation of Polypropylene as Fiber Reinforcement in bridges. To date, there is no Philippine bridge that is reinforced that way. They still use the typical but of course, reliable reinforcing steel as tension resisting aid for concrete. But abroad, they have already started constructing such bridges. There are at least 80 bridges worldwide reinfoced with polymers, not just Polypropylene. In the United States alone, there are like 27 categorized as such.
Just wanna know what are the problems some PEXer researchers have undergone. I heard kasi its really 'deadly'. Hehe..

whehe, natawa ako sa sarili ko.. proud pa naman akong sabihin *** mga experimental studies nung mga classmates ko! un pala you're referring to engineering thesis... sorry..

[tophe_17]

That's ok po.. No Problem. :)

[samantha_jones]

Err...ako The Cove: Destination Spa...parang ganon ah basta yun!

[tophe_17]

I just found out that Carbon Fiber Reinforcement has already started in the Philippines - particularly in Mindanao.

It is interesting to find out how Polypropylene would work here, is it not?

[student_01]

the title of my thesis is

"the helllo garci controversy' is true or not? what are the different factors tht affects our society today. it effects, its causes

ayun.
uu

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Pare, question. Aren't theses titles barred from having questions in itself?

[xybert_22]

This is the title of my research. Sa wakas natapos na.

"Field Effect Mobility of Organic Thin-Film Transistor Using Nanocrystalline Silicon as an Active Layer"

[tophe_17]

the title of my thesis is

"the helllo garci controversy' is true or not? what are the different factors tht affects our society today. it effects, its causes

ayun.
uu


I find this topic "malabo".
The truth about Hello Garci Controversy.... Has this something to do with the factors that affect society today?

Thesis topic should be clear and specific.

Kindly elaborate more on this one. Thanx!
:)

[tophe_17]

Pare, question. Aren't theses titles barred from having questions in itself?

Of course. The title speaks what the author would like to point out. If the title is in interrogative form, then it is posting doubts from the speaker (author) himself which shouldn't be the case.

[xybert_22]

the title of my thesis is

"the helllo garci controversy' is true or not? what are the different factors tht affects our society today. it effects, its causes

ayun.
uu

Sa totoo lang, madali lang yung thesis mo. Buti pinayagan ng instructor mo yung topic mo. Sa min kasi kapg cause and effect ang topic rejected agad.

[flsfnoeraekadad]

That's very easy for a thesis. Baka term paper lang or Case Study, or Portfolio. To tell you honestly, one can do this alone without the need of books and references. Just watching and relying to the TV Patrol and Saksi news programs or PDI or MB newspapers can already make your thesis. Come on, theses made and researched plainly from television and newspapers are that damn plain easy and silly to think of. :lol:

[brain dead]

So sorry double posts *okay*

[brain dead]

flsfnoeraekadad, eh sa yun lang pare ang kaya ng utak niya ano magagawa mo.

But seriously, would'nt that be an insult to UST and to the intelligence of legit tomasinos here if that was accepted as a thesis topic? Kababaw naman :lol:

[xybert_22]

flsfnoeraekadad, eh sa yun lang pare ang kaya ng utak niya ano magagawa mo.

But seriously, would'nt that be an insult to UST and to the intelligence of legit tomasinos here if that was accepted as a thesis topic? Kababaw naman :lol:


Your right. Kahit grade-VI student kayang gawin yan.

[flsfnoeraekadad]

Your right. Kahit grade-VI student kayang gawin yan.
Very true.

[flsfnoeraekadad]

flsfnoeraekadad, eh sa yun lang pare ang kaya ng utak niya ano magagawa mo.

But seriously, would'nt that be an insult to UST and to the intelligence of legit tomasinos here if that was accepted as a thesis topic? Kababaw naman :lol:
I'd be seriously laughing my heart out pag nahirapan pa yung researcher ng topic na yan. Come on, kahit na sabihin pa ng iba na ang rude ko pero naman naman. Parang reaction paper lang yang mga efffects ng Hello Garci at GMA scandal eh. It's not even qualified for a dissertation.

[mo_sue]

theses of ust students are hardsells.

ahihihi!

viva ust!

[mu_soe@]

Atenean theses are being copied in the US and some Asian Universities.

i mean many students from Chulalangkorn, NUS, Keio, Yale, Rice, Georgetown, Boston College and Vandervilt go to the Ateneo every year just to get (or should i say STEAL :lol: ) ideas from our students.


TRULY THE ATENEO is THE PRIDE of the :rpflag:

[tophe_17]

^Ignorance talaga.. tsk tsk...
Lagay na lang kita sa Ignore List ko... :glee:








Wonder what happened to student_01's research papaer este thesis pala?!
Hmmm... he can add the State of Emergency issue... para mas masaya! :glee:

[pauster007]

How about thesis that are IT related? Hirap talaga maghanap ng topic.

[davidcorpuz_87]

I am a Bachelor of Science Information Technology graduate from Don Bosco. My undergraduate thesis title:

"Implementation of a Short Messaging Gateway Technology that will Control and Monitor Computer Servers with Alert Dissemination and Services Management "

[prinsesa_ako]

tophe: i'm applying to MIT for grad school next year.. any tips? hehe i'm looking at master of architecture. i already did a study with them just last year when a bunch of their grad students came here. do you think that would help? hahaha

my thesis topic (for this coming schoolyear) ___ school of film and acting. haha. dami kase bad actors sa phils e. and bad films.

[theExchangeStud]

DLS-CSB's BSBA-Computer Applications... "A Recommendation on the Information System Needs of <the name of the company>"

[faux_ph]

hey, tophe 17, i'm structural engr by practice and seems yung thesis mo ay interesting sa akin kasi i have experience in CFR laminates for retrofit in bridges. Ano pinagkaiba nun sa CFR ( carbon fiber reinforcement)? Anyway, I'm doing my thesis in earthquake engineering, proposed title: "Ground Response Analysis of Horizontally Layered sites of Metropolitan Manila to Simulated Scenario Earthquakes from Valley Fault System" Haba no? More of numerical simulation ito. Marami-rami n rin nagawa ko. Tinitignan ko dito kung ano ang magiging itsura ng ground motion ng tatlong sites ( Marikina, Pasay, Cainta ) kapag gumalaw yung dalawang fault system ng Valley Fault System (dating Marikina Valley Fault ),which are the West Valley Fault System and East Valley Fault System, na tumatahak sa kalakhang Maynila. Kinukuha ko ito sa PUP, lalampas na nga ako ng residence limit ( stockholder na ko!) hopefullly makakapagdefense na ko this July(pagbalik ko dyan sa Pinas) para gradweyt ng October (yeheeey!).

[Dacs]

Share ko lang ang aking plant design:

Methanol from Sugarcane Bagasse

For those interested, this is achieved via gasification of bagasse and the products are subjected (after a series processes to prepare the gas) to a fixed bed catalytic reactor to produce methanol, since it's also possible to produce an alcohol via fermentation.

[demy_boy]

ito akin :D

Development of Characterization Parameters for Philippine MMT :D

di ko pa tapos :((

[makulitz]

this is mine... malapit na thesis defense... ;)

BASIC STUDY ON THE USE OF LANE RENTAL CONCEPT ON THE ROAD PROJECT AT A. BONIFACIO AVE., Q.C.

[oychie]

mine is...

national center for mental health : a relocation

magssuot ako ng straight jacket during the defense. hehehe

[chinito_aq]

eto:

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of cDNA Encoding Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

check this out: http://www.psbmb.org/32ndannualconvention.html

[009460]

High school thesis..
"English is Cool.. But Filipino English is Cool-ang"

[masterjedi]

theses title: "Analysis of the Machiavellian elements in the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos" (or something along those lines, limot ko na yung exact wording eh..hehe)

[rx_Tomasino]

An In Vitro Study on the Anti-Bacterial Properties of Lavender Oil Against Methicillin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

:D Love this Research work!

[math_techie]

Developing a Secure and Robust Watermarking Scheme using Wavelet Decomposition

[kaningbrown]

Original name was SeMEN-for-SecSys

Security Management Engine for Security Systems

It got turned down. Apparently there's a limit to the humor you can attach to your work. We had to settle with Central Security Manager after our adviser refuse to approve our proposal until we changed the title.

[mikagiyasuo02]

3rd yr HS Research Study:
The Feasibility study of Musaceae Peelings as an alternative floor wax

1st yr 1st sem Research Study:
PSY101= The perception of College students to the University of the East
- wooh! nagikot kami sa madaming unibersidad para lang **
NS102= The Feasibility study of Red Cabbage as an alternative Acid/Base indicator
- ang baho ng katas ng red cabbage.. whew

1st yr 2nd sem studies:
SS111= The College Students' preffered Computer Application and its usage (parang ganun)
FI112= Ang epekto ng online games sa mga mag-aaral sa Pamantasan ng Silangan, Lungsod ng Kalookan

wala pa kaming thesis hehe... mga term papers palang.. just sharing!

[mikki_pretty]

mine is...

national center for mental health : a relocation

magssuot ako ng straight jacket during the defense. hehehe

hi! what did you find out?;)

[brynjar]

Social Security System: A Comparative Analysis of the Philippines and Selected Countries

[rap_sd6]

Interesting thread.

My thesis is the Linear Matrices and Mathematical Principles in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland.

[fmontserrat]

Field Study Title:

Access to Financial Audit Services of Cooperatives in Batangas, Philippines

=====
http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v329/fmontserrat/LJ%20Icons%20and%20Avatars/Avatar.jpg (http://fmontserrat.livejournal.com/)

[tophe_17]

I'm finished with my Master's Thesis. Finally!

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in the Philippines:
Assessment of Montalban Aggregates' Potential Alkali-Reactivity Inducible for Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete through the Mortar Bar Test


--Master of Science in Construction Engineering
--Mapua Institute of Technology

[Katchatore]

A Cohort Analysis of Labor Outcomes and Earnings of College Graduates from the Philippines, 1988-2003

[Fme_Ifimwrong]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/Father_of_all_bombs.jpg

Http://youtube.com/watch?v=c7UPU8nP_p0&mode=related&search=

Thermobaric weapons distinguish themselves from conventional explosive weapons by using atmospheric oxygen, instead of carrying an oxidizer in their explosives. They are also called high-impulse thermobaric weapons (HITs), fuel-air explosives (FAE or FAX) or sometimes fuel-air munitions, heat and pressure weapons, or vacuum bombs. They produce more explosive energy for a given size than do other conventional explosives, but have the downside of being less predictable in their effect.

Contents [hide]
1 Terminology
2 Mechanism
3 Weapon effects
4 Calculations
5 History
5.1 Newest U.S. small arms FAE munitions
5.2 Russia tests the largest "Vacuum" bomb
6 See Also
7 External links
8 Footnotes



Terminology
The term thermobaric is derived from the Greek words for “heat” and “pressure”: thermobarikos (θερμοβαρικός) , from thermos (θερμός) , hot + baros (βάρος) , weight , pressure + suffix -ikos (-ικός) , suffix -ic.

Some experts draw a distinction between the terms thermobaric weapon and fuel-air explosive based on the primary intended effects. Thermobaric weapons relate to closed-zone convection or air displacement as the primary objective. Other sources use "fuel-air" as a catch-all term, subsuming "thermobaric" as previously detailed; still others use the two terms interchangeably.

Conventional explosive weapons such as the Daisy Cutter incorporate both agent and oxidizer. In contrast, a fuel-air explosive consists only of agent and a dispersing mechanism, using oxygen from the air as the oxidizer.


Mechanism
A thermobaric weapon works by first dispersing a cloud of powder or liquid explosive using a small charge, then igniting it with a second charge.

The weapon consists of a container of either a volatile liquid or a finely powdered solid, which could be an explosive or metal powder, and two separate explosive charges.

The weapon is initiated upon dropping or firing, and the first explosive charge (or some other dispersal mechanism) bursts open the container at a predetermined height and disperses the fuel in a cloud that mixes with atmospheric oxygen. Once the fuel is appropriately mixed, the second charge detonates, propagating an explosion (blast wave) through the cloud.

Newer types of thermobaric weapons do not disperse the fuel before igniting it, but are single-stage bombs having one explosive charge that both ignites and disperses the fuel.


Weapon effects
Fuel-air explosives represent the military application of the vapor cloud explosion and dust explosion accidents that have long bedeviled a variety of industries. An accidental fuel-air explosion may occur as a result of a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), for example when a tank containing liquified petroleum gas bursts. Silo explosions, caused by the ignition of finely-powdered atmospheric dust, are another example.

Fuel-air explosives disperse an aerosol cloud of fuel which is ignited by an embedded detonator to produce an explosion. The rapidly expanding wave front due to overpressure flattens all objects within close proximity of the epicenter of the aerosol fuel cloud, and produces debilitating damage well beyond the flattened area. The main destructive force of FAE is high pressure. More importantly, the duration of the overpressure gives it an edge over conventional explosives and makes fuel-air explosives useful against hard targets such as minefields, armored vehicles, aircraft parked in the open, and bunkers.

There are dramatic differences between explosions involving high explosives and vapor clouds at close distances. For the same amount of energy, the high explosive blast overpressure is much higher and the blast impulse is much lower than that from a vapor cloud explosion. The shock wave from a TNT explosion is of relatively short duration, while the blast wave produced by an explosion of hydrocarbon material displays a relatively long duration. The duration of the positive phase of a shock wave is an important parameter in the response of structures to a blast.

The effects produced by FAEs (a long-duration high pressure and heat impulse) are often likened to the effects produced by low-yield nuclear weapons, but without the problems of radiation. However, this is inexact; for all current and foreseen sub-kiloton-yield nuclear weapon designs, prompt radiation effects predominate, producing some secondary heating; very little of the nominal yield is actually delivered as blast. The significant injury dealt by either weapon on a targeted population is nonetheless great.

Some fuels used, such as ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, act like mustards. A device using such fuels can be dangerous if the fuel fails to completely ignite; the device is at risk of producing the effects of a chemical weapon.


Calculations
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For vapor cloud explosion there is a minimum ratio of fuel vapor to air below which ignition will not occur. Alternately, there is also a maximum ratio of fuel vapor to air, above which ignition will not occur. These limits are termed the lower and upper explosive limits. For gasoline vapor, the explosive range is from 1.3 to 6.0% vapor to air, and for methane this range is 5 to 15%. Many parameters contribute to the potential damage from a vapor cloud explosion, including the mass and type of material released, the strength of ignition source, the nature of the release event (e.g., turbulent jet release), and turbulence induced in the cloud (e.g., from ambient obstructions).

The overpressure within the detonation can reach 430 lbf/in² (3 MPa) and the temperature can be 4500 to 5400 °F (2500 to 3000 °C). Outside the cloud the blast wave travels at over 2 mi/s (3 km/s). Following the initial blast (compression) is a phase in which the pressure drops below atmospheric pressure (rarefaction) creating an airflow back to the center of the explosion strong enough to lift and throw a human. It draws in the unexploded burning fuel to create almost complete penetration of all non-airtight objects within the blast radius, which are then incinerated. Asphyxiation and internal damage can also occur to personnel outside the highest blast effect zone, e.g. in deeper tunnels, as a result of the blast wave, the heat, or the following air draw.

Based on the known properties of flammable substances and explosives, it is possible to use conservative assumptions and calculate the maximum distance at which an overpressure or heat effect of concern can be detected. Distances for potential impacts could be derived using the following calculation method [described in Flammable Gases and Liquids and Their Hazards]:

D = C(nE)1/3
where D is the distance in meters to a 1 psi overpressure; C is a constant for damages associated with 1 psi overpressures or 0.15, n is a yield factor of the vapor cloud explosion derived from the mechanical yield of the combustion and is assumed to be 10 percent (or 0.1) and E is the energy content of the explosive part of the cloud in joules. E can be calculated from the mass m of substance in kilograms times the heat of combustion Qc in joules per kilogram as follows:

E = m Qc
Combining these two equations gives:

D = 0.15 x (0.1 m Qc)1/3
Vapor cloud explosion modeling historically has been subject to large uncertainties resulting from inadequate understanding of deflagrative effects. According to current single-degree of freedom models, blast damage/injury can be represented by pressure-impulse (P-I) diagrams, which include the effects of overpressure, dynamic pressure, impulse, and pulse duration. The peak overpressure and duration are used to calculate the impulse from shock waves. Even some advanced explosion models ignore the effects of blast wave reflection off structures, which can produce misleading results over- or under-estimating the vulnerability of a structure. Sophisticated software used to produce three-dimensional models of the effects of vapor cloud explosions allows the evaluation of damage experienced by each structure within a facility as a result of a primary explosion and any accompanying secondary explosions produced by vapor clouds.


History

RPO-A ShmelArguably, the introduction of flamethrowers in the trench warfare of World War I (the modern flamethrower was a German invention) could constitute the first use of a primitive "vacuum weapon", in that they could suffocate people protected from the direct weapon effects inside a pillbox or bunker. Other such effects were seen to occur in the firestorms that followed the Allied bombing raids at Dresden and elsewhere.

In the form that exists today, these devices (often dubbed Fuel-Air Munitions) are said to have been developed in the 1960s and used by the United States during the Vietnam War to destroy Viet Cong tunnels, clear forest for helicopter landing sites and to clear minefields. However, it is not clear that this is entirely the case; in particular, the very large parachute-delivered "Daisy Cutter" bomb used for this purpose was suspected to have been such a weapon but the current published details indicate that it was not (it seems to be filled with ANFO, a mixture of ammonium nitrate and jet fuel, instead). FAMs are certainly in published literature available to English-speaking readers by the mid-1970s. [1]

The Soviet armed forces also developed FAE weapons, including thermobaric warheads for shoulder-launched RPGs (RPO-A Shmel Bumblebee /Russian: РПО-А "Шмель"/). Russian forces have a wide array of these weapons[1] and reportedly used them against Chinese forces in a 1969 border conflict, and certainly used them in Afghanistan and in Chechnya. Russian troops report that a single RPO-A round in an urban environment has an equivalent effect to a 152 mm artillery round. TOS-1 "Buratino" is another Russian Army FAE weapon system, composed of a multiple rocket launcher mounted on a T-72 chassis. The TOS-1 was the main thermobaric delivery system that the Russians used against Grozny in the Second Chechen War.

A FAE system from Israel was developed for minefield clearing. The system uses a small rocket-propelled thermobaric charge which explodes over the minefield and activates exposed or buried mines.

Current US FAE munitions include:

BLU-73 FAE I
BLU-95 500-lb (FAE-II)
BLU-96 2,000-lb (FAE-II)
CBU-55 FAE I
CBU-72 FAE I
In 2003, United States Marines used a thermobaric version of their Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon, called a Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon-Novel Explosion (SMAW-NE), in the Invasion of Iraq. One team of Marines reported that they had destroyed a large one-story masonry type building with one round from 100 yards. [2] The thermobaric explosive used in this weapon, PBXIH-135 or a variant, was developed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Indian Head Division and had previously been used in BLU-118/B air-dropped bombs against al Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan in early March, 2002.


Newest U.S. small arms FAE munitions
Introduced to the Afghanistan conflict, the XM1060 40-mm grenade is perhaps the first small-arms thermobaric device released in a U.S. theater of war. Developed and fielded in just under five months by the Picatinny Arsenal, the XM1060 was delivered to U.S. forces in Afghanistan on April 30, 2003. The grenade was designed to be used with existing battlefield delivery systems presently in use by squad-level field forces.


Russia tests the largest "Vacuum" bomb

Russian Father of All BombsIn September 2007 Russia successfully exploded what it claims is the the largest Vacuum Bomb ever made, leveling a multi-story block of apartment buildings with a power similar to a low-yield nuclear blast.[2][3] Russia named this particular ordinance the "Father of All Bombs" in response to the United States developed "Massive Ordnance Air Blast" (MOAB) bomb whose backronym is known as the "Mother of All Bombs" and previously enjoyed the dubious accolade of the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in history.[4]

[fattybearyus]

Anyone here doing some Quantitative and Experimental Researches?

Happiness and its Determinants. :) I'm a psych major.

[menlaer]

Data Analysis System of Public Utility Vehicles in Metro Manila
BSCE
UP Diliman

[Fatsieee]

im a communication arts student. my original thesis title was:

A Study on Copyright Infringement on YouTube in the Philippine Setting

pinapalitan ng focus kasi magkakaprblema sa recommendations, at medyo law ang focus niya, so:

A Study on the Popularity of YouTube and Its Effects on the Local Media Industry

at least mata-touch pa rin ang infringement as a negative effect.

defense is on march. haaay

[crusty03]

Interesting thread.

My thesis is the Linear Matrices and Mathematical Principles in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland.

astig! i wanna read your paper. hehe.